What is the difference between mean and median?
Simple meaning
Mean is the average.
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Mean is the average.
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A DataFrame is a labeled table with rows and columns, like Excel in code.
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I first ask why data is missing.
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It measures spread around the mean.
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Selection bias means the sample does not represent the population you care about.
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It keeps all left rows and matching right rows, with nulls when no match.
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Histograms show distribution of a numeric variable in bins.
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It shows median, quartiles, and outliers quickly.
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You only analyze winners still visible — failed cases disappear.
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Duplicates inflate counts and leak between train and test if not handled.
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Correlation is association
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Shape, dtypes, missingness, obvious outliers, and a few value counts.
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Running many tests until one looks significant.
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GROUP BY email or phone HAVING COUNT(*) > 1, then investigate.
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Comparing magnitudes across categories.
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Clear metric, sample size, runtime, and guardrails.
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Volume, null-rate, and distribution monitors with alerts.
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They run faster than Python row loops on large frames.
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Lead with the decision, then evidence, then caveats.
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Drop when rare and random
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